Cooperative vehicular identification system

ABSTRACT

Cooperative Vehicular Identification Systems and Methods, capable of monitoring and recording vehicular law violations, with the assistance and cooperation of the vehicles in violation, are disclosed. Real-time information from vehicular sensors is communicated to a Central Processing Unit (CPU). Strategically located Interrogator devices, on roads/highways, at intersections, in and around school zones, integrated with traffic lights, etc., issue inquiries/interrogations to passing-by vehicles. Vehicles proximate to such Interrogators respond with unique identifying information and with parameter lists provided by their vehicular sensors. Each Interrogator inquiry can provide data, including the lawful parameter limits (i.e. speed limit) associated with its location. In response to having successfully decoded an inquiry, and in response to the state of its vehicular sensors, a vehicular Transponder may transmit information to the specific Interrogator that has issued an inquiry. The Interrogator then relays relevant identifying information to the CPU for further processing.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of provisional Application No. 60/364,303, filed Mar. 14, 2002, entitled A Cooperative Vehicular Identification System, assigned to the assignee of the present application, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein.

DESCRIPTION

Cooperative Vehicular Identification Systems and Methods, capable of monitoring and recording vehicular law violations, with the assistance and cooperation of the vehicles in violation, are disclosed. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, real-time information from vehicular sensors is communicated to a Central Processing Unit (CPU). Strategically located Interrogator devices, on roads/highways, at intersections, in and around school zones, integrated with traffic lights, etc., issue inquiries/interrogations to passing-by vehicles. Vehicles proximate to such Interrogators respond with unique identifying information and with parameter lists provided by their vehicular sensors. In some embodiments, each Interrogator inquiry provides data, including the lawful parameter limits (i.e. speed limit) associated with its location. In response to having successfully decoded an inquiry, and in response to the state of its vehicular sensors, a vehicular Transponder may transmit information to the specific Interrogator that has issued an inquiry. The Interrogator then relays relevant identifying information to the CPU for further processing.

Cooperative Vehicular Identification Systems and Methods according to some embodiments of the invention, hereinafter referred to as CVIS, may also provide a public service to motorists by delivering real-time road-specific reports relating to traffic, accidents, weather conditions, etc. In other embodiments, CVIS may further provide a service to motorists by delivering store-and-forward messages (e-mail) to and from their vehicles. In other embodiments, CVIS may also serve as a “mobile yellow pages” providing selective, area-specific information relevant to leisure, shopping, and/or entertainment activities, in response to motorist initiated inquiries. Some embodiments may also provide distress assistance to motorists. Toll collections may be handled very effectively, and some embodiments may even be configured to tell you where to find a parking spot as you approach a parking area.

CVIS can pay for itself very quickly with the dollars of vehicular law violators. Significant new revenue may be generated for State and Local authorities since many or every violator can be apprehended electronically. CVIS may derive additional revenues from services provided to commerce and/or individuals, or may chose to offer (at least some) of its services free of charge as a public service to the community.

Significant business potential exists for industry that may engage in the development, manufacturing, deployment, maintenance, and upgrades to CVIS. In the United States alone, more than 15 Million (lightweight) new cars are sold each year, and there are more that 200 Million such vehicles already in operation. There are also more than 40 Million fleet vehicles US-wide. For all of these vehicles to be CVIS compliant, according to some embodiments of the invention, each one may be equipped with a Transponder. The number of Interrogators that could be deployed US-wide could exceed tens of thousands.

Following the successful deployment of CVIS in the United States, deployment in other countries may follow.

Besides detecting violations such as speeding, some embodiments of CVIS will also be able to detect events such as not having stopped at a red light and/or a stop sign, and will be able to search, locate, and track a vehicle, in response to law enforcement commands, throughout a city and/or throughout the entire country.

1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

Embodiments of CVIS described hereinbelow can potentially benefit society in significant ways. Some embodiments of CVIS may:

-   -   (1) Save lives (many lives).     -   (2) Reduce significantly the number of vehicular accidents,         minor and major, and the associated injuries, suffering, and         expense/loss in productivity.     -   (3) Stabilize and even reduce car insurance premiums (as a         consequence of (1) & (2) above).     -   (4) Instill a heightened awareness of lawful driving behavior to         the public at-large (thus re-enforcing (I) through (3) above).     -   (5) Be a strong anti-theft deterrent.     -   (6) Offer emergency/distress assistance to motorists.     -   (7) Offer real-time, road-specific, information to motorists as         well as other more general information, for leisure and         recreational activities, including personal messaging.

A focus of CVIS is on strengthening vehicular law enforcement and mitigating irresponsible driving behavior, thus improving safety for pedestrians and drivers alike. Deployment of CVIS can make vehicular law enforcement automatic, efficient, non-discriminatory, quick, non-intrusive, and/or transparent to the violator and law enforcement agency alike. While being an instrument of beneficial social engineering, embodiments of CVIS also can generate significant new revenues for state/county law-enforcement agencies and can thus pay for itself with the dollars of those who violate the Law. Embodiments of CVIS may thus be envisioned as a selective tax imposed only on vehicular law violators. Other embodiments of CVIS, however, may also generate revenue by delivering area-specific commercial, leisure, and/or recreational information to motorists' vehicles. That is, some embodiments of CVIS can be a “mobile yellow pages” for restaurants, cinemas, stores/malls, promotions, etc, as well as a system for delivering store-and-forward personal messages and/or e-mail to people in transit.

To those who will criticize CVIS as being a “Big Brother is Watching” type of a system, we offer this simple response: Driving on public roads and highways is a necessity of modern life, and is an activity conducted daily by an overwhelming majority of the adult population. Driving on public roads and highways, therefore, is an activity that impacts almost all people daily, either directly or indirectly. Because of its broad reaching affects on society, driving must be conducted responsibly and within the guidelines set forth by Law. According to some embodiments of CVIS, while a driver's activities remain lawful, “Big Brother” is blind. Only when a motorist's actions violate the Law, only then do Big Brother's eyes open to take notice.

We have all witnessed the reckless driver who routinely violates the posted speed limit. We have repeatedly witnessed the careless driver who goes through stop signs without first making a complete stop. We have even seen those who go through red lights in their eagerness to get to their destinations a few minutes earlier. Many drivers still do not wear seat belts and many more execute turns without bothering to indicate their intentions. All these vehicular law violations, and many more, would be noticeable and recordable by some embodiments of CVIS. Each event associated with a violation would be recorded at a central processing unit and would also be tagged with the registered identity of the vehicle involved, the time-of-day of occurrence, and position coordinates of occurrence.

2. Elements

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

Accordingly, while the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

An element of some embodiments of CVIS is the Transponder-Interrogator pair of FIG. 1. The Transponder resides in a vehicle and can thus be classified as a mobile device. The Interrogator may (or may not) reside in a vehicle and thus may (or may not) be a mobile device. Interrogators may be installed in law-enforcement vehicles (police and/or state trooper vehicles) but, in other embodiments, Interrogators may be installed in fixed locations, perhaps on top of light poles and traffic signs (on the sides of roads and highways), integrated with traffic lights at road intersections, situated close to stop signs, strategically located in and around school zones, and in many other places where vehicular law enforcement is of importance and concern.

As is illustrated in FIG. 1, an in-vehicle Transponder receives inputs from a plurality of vehicular sensors (via physical electromechanical connections and/or wirelessly). Inputs to the Transponder may be speed of the vehicle, left- and right-turn signal states, odometer reading, GPS receiver data, vehicular theft sensor indications, driver's seat belt state (on/off), etc. . . . Inputs to the Transponder may also arrive (wirelessly or otherwise) from a man-machine interface that may be used to pre-condition the Transponder to request certain information when in the proximity of certain Interrogators.¹ Permanently stored within a non-volatile memory of each Transponder, will be a unique identifier (ID) of the vehicle associated with that Transponder. ¹ The Transponder may request local-area commercial information such as, for example, the three closest (relative to its location) restaurants offering French cuisine, or the two closest cinemas with a current list of movies playing, etc. Such information may be provided as a public service to motorists by the Local/State transportation authorities over their corresponding Interrogator networks. The service can be free of charge to the commercial entities being promoted, or a nominal monthly fee may be charged.

An Interrogator, as shown in FIG. 1, transmits and receives information to and from the Transponder. In addition, the Interrogator relays information to a centrally located processing unit (computing center) and is also capable of receiving information (from said processing unit and/or other sources). In some embodiments, the Interrogator transmits information to the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and receives information from the CPU or said other sources, in substantially real time, using, for example, a GSM packet-data protocol such as GPRS (or EDGE). Terrestrial cellular/PCS or satellite-based data/paging networks can be used to connect the Interrogator to its designated CPU². Dedicated line-of-sight microwave links or other media such as wire or fiber-optical cable may also be used. See, for example, FIG. 10. ² A US-wide paging network may be used to provide urban and suburban connectivity between the plurality of Interrogators and their corresponding CPUs. Non-time-critical updates of Interrogators by the CPU and the transferring of non-time-critical data to the CPU from the field devices (Interrogators) may take place during off-peak hours of the day and night. In some embodiments, only time-critical updates should be scheduled to occur in substantially real time.

3. Monitoring of Vehicular Parameters

Two groups of embodiments that can be used to detect violations of vehicular law are described below. Following a reading of this section, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a number of combinations and variations on the embodiments discussed hereinbelow are possible. Even though this is recognized, we do not attempt to be exhaustive; rather, we chose to be comprehensive and thorough, focusing on two specific embodiments, so that the scope and spirit of the disclosure can be conveyed fully and unambiguously to one of ordinary skill in the art.

3.1 First Embodiments The Independent Interrogator

In accordance with first embodiments (the independent Interrogator concept) Interrogators are positioned at predetermined locations, along the sides of highways and roads, and are configured to transmit an interrogation periodically, say once every 0.5 seconds.³ Vehicle Transponders proximate to such Interrogators (i.e. within listening range) may be triggered to provide a response. Even when an interrogation is reliably received (error free) by a vehicle Transponder, said vehicle Transponder may or may-not be triggered to respond. In some embodiments, the decision to respond may depend on the type of interrogation message received, requesting a conditional or an unconditional response. In other embodiments, the decision of a Transponder to respond may also depend on whether or not said Transponder has already responded to the particular Interrogator, within a predetermined elapsed time interval. By suppressing subsequent Transponder responses to the same Interrogator (over a predetermined time interval) some embodiments of the invention may eliminate many redundant Transponder responses (that otherwise may be transmitted) thus reducing the probability of response collisions. ³ In some embodiments, independent Interrogators of the type described in this section may also be installed in law-enforcement vehicles.

As has already been noted, an interrogation may request a conditional or an unconditional Transponder response. Subject to the conditional interrogation, the Transponder will respond if it is in violation of some aspect of the Law. For example, if the driver is not wearing his/her seat belt, and/or if the vehicle has not passed inspection within the time limit allowed, and/or if the speed limit is being violated. Furthermore, if the vehicle has been subjected to unauthorized usage (has been stolen, as determined by the vehicular sensors), and/or if the vehicle has been reported stolen,⁴ a Transponder response will also be issued. ⁴ How the vehicle knows that it has been stolen (other than detecting unauthorized usage with its own sensors) will be discussed later.

In some embodiments, each interrogation, whether it is of the conditional or unconditional type, relays a unique Interrogator identifier (ID), a measure of the physical coordinates of the Interrogator, the Time of Day (ToD), the lawful speed limit, and may also relay additional broadcast information that may be relevant to motorists proximate to the Interrogator site. FIG. 2 shows additional illustrative detail regarding an interrogation packet structure according to some embodiments of the invention. The Transponder reads the data contents of the interrogation, correlates said data (e.g. speed limit) with the actual data (e.g. speed of the vehicle as provided to the Transponder by the vehicular sensors; see FIG. 1) and decides whether a response to the received interrogation is warranted. A response to the received interrogation may be initiated based on either unacceptable (unlawful) vehicular sensor states and/or any other violation-of-the-law, or it may be based on some other condition such as the need for commercial information or a personal message to be delivered.

In some embodiments, should the Transponder decide to respond, the response will include the vehicle's unique identification number, the ToD, position coordinates, the lawful speed limit (as relayed to the Transponder by the Interrogator); the vehicle's actual speed, red light & stop sign flag status (the significance of which will be discussed in detail later); the driver's seat belt status (ON/OFF); inspection status; theft status; and/or driver's distress status (see FIG. 3). The Transponder response may also contain an inquiry requesting from the Interrogator certain local-area information. The Transponder response may also indicate the presence of a message to be delivered (from the vehicle to some destination; see FIG. 3). The driver's distress status, when activated (either manually or by voice command) will serve to automatically notify the authorities that the vehicle is in distress. The authorities will be able to identify the distressed vehicle's location by the unique ID and position coordinates of the Interrogator relaying the distress message to the CPU. From that point on, some embodiments of CVIS could track the vehicle as it encounters successive Interrogator sites. There could even be specially marked areas, on the sides of roads and highways, equipped with Interrogators that include, for example, Bluetooth-based and/or other wireless audio/video means. Such Interrogators, when triggered by a vehicle's distress message could offer audio/video connectivity between said vehicle and the authorities. The Transponder may also be equipped with the appropriate audio/video interface.⁵ ⁵ The vehicle in distress also may need to pull over into such a specially marked area and stop in the proximity of the Interrogator to establish connectivity.

In other embodiments, if a Transponder decides to send a response to an interrogation because there is some aspect of the law that has been violated, the response will also be stored locally within the Transponder. In addition to keeping a local copy of its response, the Transponder may also store a digital image and/or other characteristic of the driver.⁶ Given that the Transponder's response is received reliably by the Interrogator (as determined, for example, by a CRC field and/or other error checking) the Interrogator will copy said Transponder response in memory and will send a confirmation to the issuing Transponder (see FIG. 4). The Transponder, upon receipt of the confirmation, will store the data contents of its confirmed response in non-volatile memory as a “permanent record” of the violation event. All parameters in violation will be stored, together with the time-of-day, lawful speed limit, and position coordinates associated with the violation (the position coordinates associated with the violation, the time-of-day, and the lawful speed limit are those relayed to the Transponder by the Interrogator). As part of this permanent record, the digital image and/or said other characteristic of the driver will also be stored. From this time on, in some embodiments, the Transponder may ignore all subsequent interrogations that may be received from the same Interrogator over a predetermined time interval. ⁶ Means of generating such an image may be provided as part of the overall Transponder instrumentation. Other means such as those that would “sniff” the in-vehicle air for alcohol content may also be provided.

In other embodiments, in the case of an unconditional interrogation, the vehicle is obliged to respond whether it is in violation of the law or not. No permanent record is kept by the Transponder (per the above discussion) unless the vehicle happens to be in violation of some aspect of the law. This mode of Transponder response, to the unconditional interrogation, may be used in places where the authorities desire to gather statistics on parameters such as the number of vehicles passing by a particular location at different times of the day, the distribution of speed at that location, the types of vehicles (private cars, taxis, trucks, etc.) passing by that location, etc. . . . As with the Transponder response to a conditional interrogation, here too, a confirmation by the Interrogator is sent to each responding Transponder in some embodiments. This may be done to silence the Transponder from responding to subsequent interrogations that may be received from the same Interrogator over a predetermined time interval.

3.2 The Concept of Notificators—Second Embodiments The Dependent Interrogator

In accordance with second embodiments of the invention, the Interrogator does not transmit unless it is triggered by a near-by Transponder whose associated vehicle is in violation of some aspect of the law, or in distress, or needs to receive or transmit information. Some embodiments, may work as follows: Each road containing Interrogators also contains other devices referred to as Notificators. A Notificator is a transmit-only device that relays information to near-by (passing-by) vehicles. The Notificator does not receive information from vehicles, only transmits to them. In some embodiments, the Notificator, however, can be configured to communicate bi-directionally with the CPU. The Notificator will periodically transmit its coordinates, ToD, and the lawful (posted) speed limit for its location, and may also be enabled to transmit other information such as road conditions, traffic reports, accident reports, weather bulletins, etc. In other embodiments, the Notificator may also be configured to transmit a “you have been stolen” message which would be aimed at specific vehicles that have been reported stolen.⁷ ⁷ Imagine a very sophisticated thief who manages to steal a vehicle without triggering any of the un-authorized use (theft) sensors of the vehicle. When the owner of said stolen vehicle becomes aware of the fact and notifies the authorities, the authorities can command all Notificators in the area (via the CPU) to start transmitting the “you have been stolen” message, accompanied by the stolen vehicle's unique ID. When the stolen vehicle's Transponder receives the notification, it will identify itself as stolen at the next Interrogator site (together with position coordinates) thus notifying the authorities of its whereabouts.

We return now to describe how Interrogators may be triggered to interrogate in accordance with some embodiments of the invention. When a Transponder has received information from a Notificator and said Transponder decides that, based on the received information, it is engaged in some unlawful activity, the Transponder begins to periodically broadcast a message. The Transponder broadcasts (at say frequency f_(i)) its unique vehicle ID and the Notificator's coordinates, pseudo-randomly changing the carrier frequency f_(i) from broadcast to broadcast. The Transponder broadcasts and then listens; broadcasts and then listens; in a time division duplex fashion, both broadcasting and listening at f_(i). Each Interrogator listens to all possible Transponder broadcast frequencies f_(i) (i=1, 2, . . . , L−1, L). Hence, when an Interrogator hears a Transponder's broadcast, the Interrogator responds by interrogating the specific Transponder whose broadcast it has just heard. The interrogation is transmitted at carrier frequency f_(i), while the Transponder is still listening at f_(i).

Embodiments of an Interrogator packet format are illustrated in FIG. 2. Embodiments of the Transponder response are illustrated in FIG. 3. Embodiments of the confirmation by the Interrogator to the Transponder are shown in FIG. 4. In some embodiments, all this exchange occurs at the same frequency f_(i); the frequency at which the Interrogator was triggered by the Transponder to interrogate. This, however, need not be the case. For example, the Interrogator, having been triggered to interrogate at f_(i), could include in its interrogation a command instructing the Transponder to reply at f_(j) (f_(i)≠f_(j)). Alternatively, the Interrogator can be told, via the broadcast message that triggers it, to interrogate at f_(k) (f_(k)≠f_(i)≈f_(j)) etc. When the above exchange of information between Transponder and Interrogator is complete (as indicated by the confirmation to the Transponder by the Interrogator) the Transponder ceases all further transmissions of its broadcast until it is once again triggered by some other Notificator. In some embodiments, the Transponder broadcasts will not cease, however, if they are caused by a vehicle theft condition. If the Transponder's broadcasts relate to a stolen vehicle state, the broadcasts will continue to facilitate vehicle tracking as said vehicle travels from Interrogator site to Interrogator site.

According to some embodiments, one reason for including the Notificator's coordinates in the Transponder's broadcast message, is to reduce or preclude the possibility of having vehicles wrongly accused of violating the speed limit. One can imagine, for example, a vehicle on a highway violating the speed limit by going 75 mph while the posted speed limit is 55 mph. Let's assume that said vehicle is broadcasting, and imagine a location where the highway and a city road come very close together. Furthermore, let's assume that, due to an engineering oversight or other reason, an Interrogator situated on the city road (at the point where the city road and the highway come close to each other) can hear broadcasts of vehicle Transponders traveling on the highway. By deciphering the broadcast message, and reading the Notificator's coordinates, the road Interrogator can ignore all highway vehicle broadcasts (even though some aspect of the law has been violated) since the Notificator's coordinates make it clear that said broadcasts relate to vehicles on an other road/highway and, hence, will be handled by Interrogators on said other road/highway. Similarly, if due to some improper installation/calibration of a Notificator or other reason, its radiated signals are heard by Transponders on roads/highways other than the intended one, Interrogators on said “other than the intended one” route will ignore any broadcasts initiated by said Transponders. Failure to correlate between the Notificator's “coordinates”, as relayed by the Transponder's broadcast, and those of the listening Interrogator, can inhibit triggering the Interrogator to interrogate⁸. ⁸ It should be understood that the term “coordinates” is used throughout this document in a very liberal sense. In some embodiments, the term coordinates is not used with geometrical rigor to specify a precise point in space; rather, it is used to specify a particular road/highway and in some cases a specific location on said road/highway (e.g. route 495 between exits 50 and 51). It is envisaged that Notificators and Interrogators belonging to the same road/highway will be positioned close to each other (may even be co-located, or even physically integrated onto one assembly). As such, the “coordinates” relayed by a Transponder broadcast should always correlate, at least with regard to the specified road/highway, with the coordinates of an Interrogator hearing the broadcast. In other embodiments, precise geometrical coordinates may be used.

In some embodiments, Notificators frequency-hop from one notification message to the next in order to comply with regulatory requirements of the unlicensed-frequency Instrumentation, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. Each notification message is repeated at each transponder listening frequency f_(i); i=1, 2, . . . , L. Preferably, the L repeats of each notification should occur over a short period of time (e.g., within 500 ms or less). In some embodiments, transponders do not have any timing or frequency-hop pattern information relative to Notificators. A Transponder simply tunes its receiver to a frequency, randomly selected from the set {f_(i); i=1, 2, . . . , L}, and listens. FIG. 5 a illustrates how the frame format for a Notificator packet may be configured. As can be seen from the Figure, the notification packet relays ToD, position coordinates, lawful speed limit information, as well as road conditions information. The road conditions information may be anything that the authorities deem important for motorists such as accident reports, congestion reports, slippery road conditions, weather reports, etc. . . . In addition to the above, the notification packet may also contain stolen vehicle information. As shown on FIG. 5 a, up to J stolen vehicle IDs may be broadcast. In some embodiments, what limits the value of J is the constraint that within 500 msec (or so) the Notificator is able to repeat the notification packet L times. Hence, when the stolen vehicles list exceeds the limits set forth by the above requirement, a longer notification message may be created spanning several hops. Each frequency-hopped notification message segment can reveal the next hop frequency at which the message is to be continued (see FIG. 5 b) so that the Transponder can follow the hopping pattern of the Notificator. Thus, the Transponder may be able to read the entire stolen vehicles list.⁹ However, there is one additional issue regarding relatively long Notificator messages: The vehicle may need to be moving relatively slowly or be stationary in order to hear the entire message. If the vehicle is in relative fast motion, it may find itself out-of-range of the Notificator before the entire message has been transmitted. This issue is the topic of the next section. ⁹ Alternative embodiments use a Direct Sequence, Spread-Spectrum Notificator mode, and a corresponding Transponder receiver demodulator, so that relatively long Notificator messages can be transmitted over a predetermined (non-frequency-hopped) channel.

3.2.1 Special Purpose Notificators at Stop Lights

Special Purpose Notificators may be strategically positioned in the proximity of traffic lights. Such Notificators may contain lists of reported stolen vehicles (as relayed to them by the CPU) and may broadcast such lists periodically. The placement of Notificators in the proximity of traffic lights can offer advantages to the system. As a traffic light turns red, most vehicles (even those in the possession of thieves) stop. The (relatively long) time interval over which vehicles remain stationary at traffic lights allows the Notificator to transmit a significantly longer stolen vehicles list than it could otherwise be able to. As a result, the probability that a stolen vehicle will hear the message “you have been stolen”, as relayed to it, for example, via a broadcast of its unique vehicle ID, is increased. Once a stolen vehicle receives the notification that it has been stolen, its “theft status” flag is raised, thus triggering the vehicle to start broadcasting, as already discussed, in accordance with the second embodiments.

The frame format configuration for this relatively long message may be as shown on FIG. 5 b. The entire message may include many segments similar to the one illustrated on FIG. 5 b. Each message segment may be identical in form to the previous one but this is not necessary. For example, in some embodiments, the ToD and position coordinates may be omitted following the first message segment, but if a vehicle starts listening to the message after the first segment, that vehicle would be in the dark regarding ToD and position (unless of course it waited long-enough to hear the beginning of the message). Another alternative embodiment may include ToD and position coordinates intermittently, say once every 10 message segments.

At the beginning of the “stolen vehicles list” notification message and intermittently thereafter, the message segment may be repeated on all Transponder listening frequencies in order to get all proximate Transponders to track the message (to follow the frequency-hopping pattern)¹⁰. By doing so, all Transponders in the vicinity of the Special Purpose Notificator can receive a message segment which reveals the value of the next hop frequency at which the message is to be continued. ¹⁰ As will be described later, when the Special Purpose Notificator is co-located with Traffic Light State Notificators, this may not be necessary.

4. Time-Frequency PLAN: First Embodiments

In some embodiments, an Interrogator sequentially transmits its interrogation on all possible frequencies (f₁ through f_(L)) that Transponders may be listening to. FIG. 6 illustrates a time-frequency plan according to some embodiments. The entire interrogation packet (as illustrated on FIG. 2) is first transmitted on f₁, followed by retransmission on f₂, then on f₃, and continuing on until the same interrogation packet has been transmitted on all Transponder listening frequencies. Each Transponder randomly selects a frequency to listen to from the a priori stored set (f₁ through f_(L)}. When a Transponder receives the interrogation packet and decides to respond (either based on some violation of the law criterion, a distress state, or because the interrogation is of the unconditional type, etc.) the Transponder randomly selects one out of the N available time slots (see FIG. 6) within which to send its response. In some embodiments, N is a number between 16 and 32. Generally, the larger N is, the smaller the probability becomes that responses will collide. For example, assume 100 vehicles near an Interrogator, able to detect interrogations, and say that 10 of these are in violation of the law. Furthermore, assume that the Transponders of these 100 vehicles are uniformly distributed over the listening frequency set. With N orthogonal time slots per listening frequency, the probability of a response collision is 10/LN. With L=20 and N=16, the probability of a Transponder response collision becomes ({fraction (10/320)})={fraction (1/32)}, for this example. Setting N=32, makes the above probability become {fraction (1/64)}. In the event of a collision, the Interrogator will (most likely) not recognize any response (over the time slot where the collision occurred) and will, therefore, not transmit a confirmation. Thus, the Transponders involved in the collision will continue to respond to subsequent interrogations.

In some embodiments, all Transponder responses that are received error free by the relevant Interrogator are acknowledged via a confirmation to the issuing Transponder. As illustrated on FIG. 6, there are four Transponder responses over frequency f₁, on time slots 1, 3, 6, and 7, respectively. Following the last interrogation repeat (at frequency f_(L)) the Interrogator goes back to f₁ to acknowledge the four received Transponder responses. Then, the Interrogator jumps to f₂ to acknowledge the six Transponder responses there. Following f₂, f₃ is served, and so-on, all the way down to f_(L). In serving acknowledgements on any one of the frequencies f_(i) (1≦i≦L) the Interrogator stays on f_(i) for a length of time equal to what would be needed if the Interrogator had to serve N acknowledgements, even though less than N acknowledgements will typically be required. After this length of time, the Interrogator moves on to f_(i+1) to serve the acknowledgements there, and stays on f_(i+1) for a length of time equal to the maximum that would be required for the Interrogator to serve the maximum of N confirmations.¹¹ These embodiments can maintain invariant time-line relationships between events occurring over the plurality of frequencies f₁ through f_(L). Other embodiments, however, are possible where the Interrogator serves the acknowledgements at a given frequency immediately following the received Transponder responds at that frequency. Following the last set of acknowledgements at frequency f_(L), the Interrogator returns to f₁ and the process starts all over again with the Interrogator issuing its interrogation sequentially over the entire frequency set¹². ¹¹ The terms confirmation and acknowledgement are being used interchangeably. ¹² It may be desirable for the period of the process to be confined to 500 msec. In some embodiments, this can assure that even when traveling at relatively high speeds, vehicles will have ample time to hear and respond to interrogations. The 500 msec target can be met by a system whose over-the-air transmission rate is about 1 Mbps or more. Preliminary calculations regarding packet lengths indicate that the interrogation packet can be bounded by about 5,800 bits before Forward Error Coding (FEC) resulting in about a 10,000-bit packet after FEC is applied. The Transponder packet is bounded by about 810 bits (before FEC) resulting in about a 2,000-bit packet following FEC overhead.

Note that the frequencies f₁, f₂, . . . , f_(L) need not represent contiguous values or values that are monotonically increasing. Furthermore, the Time Division Duplex Multiplexing (TDDM) approach, regarding the Interrogator/Transponder exchange, as discussed above and illustrated on FIG. 6, may be replaced with a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) methodology where instead of time, code orthogonality is relied upon to separate Transponder responses at the Interrogator receiver. Still further embodiments use Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) whereby frequency orthogonality is used in lieu of either TDDM or CDM. In addition to the above, other combinations and/or variations of multiplexing schemes as well as other time-frequency relationships that are within the scope and spirit of what has been disclosed hereinabove, will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, in accordance with the TDDM approach of FIG. 6, instead of waiting for all Transponder responses (at a given f_(i)) to first arrive at the Interrogator before transmitting confirmations, embodiments whereby acknowledgements (confirmations) are transmitted by the Interrogator immediately following the receipt of a Transponder's response may be implemented.

5. Time-Frequency Plan: Second Embodiments

As has been stated earlier, in accordance with the second embodiments, shortly after a Transponder is triggered by a Notificator to start broadcasting, said Transponder pseudo-randomly selects a frequency from the set {f_(i); i=1, 2, . . . , L} and begins to transmit identifying information over said frequency. The Transponder broadcast burst is transmitted periodically (for example, once every 500 msec) until an Interrogator is triggered to interrogate. As illustrated in FIG. 7, when an Interrogator is triggered, the Interrogator/Transponder exchange followed by the Interrogator confirmation takes place, at the end of which the Transponder's periodic broadcast sequence may end. FIG. 7 illustrates a time lag between the Transponder broadcast that triggers the Interrogator and the interrogation itself. This is intended to illustrate that the Interrogator may be busy serving other broadcasts and/or is busy with other time-critical functions.

6. Transponder Options for Changing Transmit and Receive Frequencies

In accordance with the second embodiments, it has already been stated that the Transponder, once triggered to start broadcasting, pseudo-randomly (and in some embodiments, uniformly and with no bias over the available frequency set) changes transmit/receive frequency once per broadcast interval (at least once about every 500 msec). When the Transponder is not in the broadcast mode, it randomly (and in some embodiments uniformly) selects a frequency from the set {f_(i); i=1, 2, . . . , L} to listen to. The Transponder stays at the chosen frequency, and continues to listen for Notificator messages until a Notificator message and some violation of the law and/or a distress state and/or the Transponder's desire to transmit or receive information, triggers said Transponder once again into the broadcast mode.

In accordance with the first embodiments, each Transponder can be configured so that in response to each received interrogation confirmation message the Transponder hops pseudo-randomly (and preferably uniformly) to a new frequency f_(i). Consequently, even if all Transponders at the time of manufacturing and/or installation are initialized to a common receive/transmit frequency f₀,

: f₀ ε{f₁, f₂, . . . , f_(L)}, offenders would soon be randomized. Alternative embodiments may entail assigning, in a pseudo-random fashion, at the time of manufacturing and/or installation, a receive/transmit frequency to each Transponder, which the Transponder then maintains ad infinitum. Variations of the two embodiments may also be used.

7. The Traffic Light Notificator Set

We have already described how embodiments of CVIS may be used to identify and record various driving violations such as exceeding of the speed limit, the driver not having engaged the seat belt mechanism, operating a vehicle with expired inspection status, driving a stolen vehicle, etc. We have also described how embodiments of CVIS can serve as a safety net for drivers in distress and how embodiments of CVIS can provide other services and information to motorists. In this section, we describe other embodiments of CVIS—the ability of embodiments of CVIS to detect traffic light and stop sign violations. Not honoring a traffic light (i.e., not stopping at a red light) may be one of the most dangerous behavior patterns that a driver can engage in.

FIG. 8 illustrates a set of traffic lights at an intersection according to some embodiments of the invention. The Traffic Light Set shown on FIG. 8 is labeled as “Traffic Light Set A” to distinguish it from other possible Traffic Light Sets that may exist at the same intersection. Typically, up to four Traffic Light Sets may exist at an intersection. Also shown on FIG. 8 is an “Approaching Traffic Light Set A Notificator”. This Approaching Traffic Light Set A Notificator is strategically located such that vehicles traveling towards Traffic Light Set A will first encounter said Approaching Traffic Light Set A Notificator. After a vehicle has traveled beyond Traffic Light Set A, whether it has continued straight-ahead or has made a turn (left or right) the vehicle will encounter an Interrogator. Only one such Interrogator is shown on FIG. 8 (the one that will be encountered should the vehicle decide to continue straight-ahead beyond the Traffic Light Set A). Thus, a Traffic Light Set that is equipped with Traffic Light State Notificators and/or with a Stolen Vehicles List Notificator, will (from the point of view of an approaching vehicle) be preceded by an Approaching Traffic Light Set Notificator and will be followed by an Interrogator, irrespective of the direction of said vehicle beyond said Traffic Light Set.

FIG. 8 also illustrates that each individual Traffic Light Assembly (responsible for managing traffic in some specific direction; straight ahead, left, or right) may have associated with it a Traffic Light State Notificator according to some embodiments of the invention. Information from each Traffic Light Assembly is sent (via physical connection or wirelessly) to the corresponding Traffic Light State Notificator. Information may also be transmitted from the one Traffic Light State Notificator designated as the Master, to the other Traffic Light State Notificator(s) that are associated with the same Traffic Light Set and are designated as Slave(s). Information from the Master may also be transmitted to the Stolen Vehicles List Notificator associated with the same Traffic Light Set (also designated as a Slave on FIG. 8). In, general, information may flow bi-directionally throughout the chain of Traffic Light Set Notificators, from any Notificator to any other, as shown on FIG. 8. Information may also flow from a Notificator that is associated with a particular Traffic Light Set to at least one Traffic Light Assembly associated with said Traffic Light Set.

As noted earlier, according to some embodiments of the present invention, a vehicle approaching Traffic Light Set A will first encounter the Approaching Traffic Light Set A Notificator. The Approaching Traffic Light Set A Notificator informs the vehicle that it is about to enter the listening range of a possible plurality of Traffic Light Sets, but it is only to listen and pay attention to transmissions (notifications) originating from Notificators of Traffic Light Set A. The Approaching Traffic Light Set A Notificator also informs the vehicle of the Transponder listening frequencies corresponding to Traffic Light Set A (chosen so as to maintain orthogonality between the transmissions of the plurality of Notificator sets corresponding to a plurality of Traffic Light Sets that may be proximate at an intersection). The Approaching Traffic Light Set A Notificator transmits its notification periodically (say once every 500 msec) repeating said notification on all Transponder listening frequencies within the repetition interval (within the 500 msec). An illustrative packet format for the Approaching Traffic Light Set Notificator is shown in FIG. 9 a.

In some embodiments, each Traffic Light State Notificator periodically transmits a notification informing Transponders of its associated Traffic Light Assembly state. The Traffic Light State Notificator receives information regarding the state of its corresponding Traffic Light Assembly, for example, from the corresponding Traffic Light Assembly itself (see FIG. 8). As with all Notificators, the Traffic Light State Notificator will repeat its notification on all Transponder listening frequencies (within a predetermined time interval) so that all vehicle Transponders within listening range can be notified. An illustrative packet format for the Traffic Light State Notificator is shown in FIG. 9 b. An intercepting Transponder first correlates the information that it has received from the Approaching Traffic Light Set Notificator with the Traffic Light Set ID field in the Traffic Light State Notificator packet. If a match is found, the Transponder copies the Traffic Light Assembly ID, ToD, position coordinates, and traffic light state fields found within the Traffic Light State Notificator packet. The Transponder will keep separate records of traffic light state notifications corresponding to different Traffic Light Assembly IDs. These separate records will be updated in ToD and Traffic Light State as new notifications with correlating Traffic Light Assembly IDs arrive with new parameters in said corresponding ToD and Traffic Light State fields.

Frequency coordination between the Stolen Vehicles List Notificator and the Traffic Light State Notificator(s) associated with a particular Traffic Light Set, such as the Traffic Light Set shown on FIG. 8 now will be described according to some embodiments of the invention. Some embodiments of the invention may avoid collisions between the transmissions of the plurality of Notificators that may be associated with the plurality of Traffic Light Sets that may be situated at a given intersection. This may be accomplished as follows: At each intersection, each Traffic Light Set (A, B, C, D) may be assigned a different orthogonal subset of frequencies for its corresponding Notificators to use. Thus, upon notification by the Approaching Traffic Light Set Notificator, a Transponder may select a frequency from said assigned subset of frequencies to listen to while ignoring all other frequencies that may be associated with other proximate Traffic Light Sets. This can guarantee frequency orthogonality between the emissions of a plurality of Notificators corresponding to a plurality of Traffic Light Sets that may be situated in close proximity at an intersection, and can allow the plurality of Notificators corresponding to different proximate Traffic light Sets to operate independent of each other, without the need for synchronization, while still avoiding collisions.

In accordance with some embodiments of the invention as illustrated in FIG. 8, one Traffic Light State Notificator per Traffic Light Set may be designated as a “Master”. The Master may transmit its notification pseudo-randomly over the entire designated frequency sub-band while keeping all other Notificators inhibited. When the Master has delivered its notification over all associated frequencies (thus capturing all proximate Transponders) the Master then sequentially activates the other Traffic Light State Notificators, designated as Slaves, to deliver their notifications at frequencies that have been pseudo-randomly chosen by the Master. In some embodiments, the Master, besides dictating the hop frequencies of the Slaves, transmits via its notification to the Transponders the frequency to be transmitted by the next-in-line Notificator. Each Slave Notificator via its notification packet also informs the Transponders regarding the frequency to be used by the next-in-line Slave Notificator. Thus, in some embodiments, the Master Notificator is the only Traffic Light Set Notificator that needs to perform “capturing” of Transponders by repeating the notification on all frequencies. The above time-frequency coordination embodiments, besides avoiding collisions between the transmissions of the plurality of Notificators that may be associated with a given Traffic Light Set, may also “capture” Transponders (following the first “hit” by the Master) so that notifications may be heard, thereafter, by such captured Transponders on first transmission.

In some embodiments, the Interrogators following a Traffic Light Set can be of either type—Independent or Dependent. First, assume that Interrogators of the Independent type follow Traffic Light Sets. If a vehicle travels straight-ahead past a Traffic Light Set, and upon interrogation presents a Red Traffic Light State response (within the Traffic Light Assembly S field; see FIG. 3) then that vehicle is identified as having violated the straight-ahead stop light signal. If a vehicle makes a left turn following the Traffic Light Set and upon interrogation presents a Red Traffic Light State response (within the Traffic Light Assembly L field; see FIG. 3) then that vehicle is identified as having violated the left-turn stop light signal. If a vehicle makes a right turn following the Traffic Light Set, and there is no specific right turn Traffic Light Assembly (as is quite often the case) the Interrogator will look for either a Green Traffic Light State within the Traffic Light Assembly S field, or a full stop indication and Right Turn Permitted on Red validation¹³. The “Right Turn Permitted on Red” state (either YES or NO) may be provided by either the Traffic Light State Notificator associated with the right-turn Traffic Light Assembly (if present) or by another Traffic Light State Notificator belonging to the same Traffic Light Set. ¹³ In some embodiments, in establishing the severity of a violation when a turn is involved, the right- or left-turn blinker state may also be examined by the Interrogator. That is, having made a legal left turn but without having indicated your intention to do so, is a small (relatively speaking) violation. However, the driver's profile may be updated, even in response to minor violations, and the driver's long-term record may thus be established. This type of data may be an input for insurance companies in setting rates for individuals.

In accordance with the second embodiments, and in addition to all other embodiments already discussed with respect to said second embodiments, Transponders may be configured such as a non-zero vehicular velocity in conjunction with straight-ahead motion and a Red Traffic Light State from a corresponding (straight-ahead) Traffic Light Assembly will trigger Transponder broadcasts. Transponders may also be configured so that vehicular motion in conjunction with having made a left turn and a Red Traffic Light State from the corresponding left turn Traffic Light Assembly will also trigger Transponder broadcasts, etc. . . .

The notion of having associated a Traffic Light State Notificator with each Traffic Light Assembly (see FIG. 8) raises the prospect of adaptive optimal traffic control, according to some embodiments of the invention. In response to the “state” of traffic (i.e., volume and average speed of traffic moving in a certain direction) the CPU may send Traffic Light Assembly control commands to certain select Traffic State Notificators. As is illustrated on FIG. 8, the bi-directional signal path between a Traffic Light State Notificator and the associated Traffic Light Assembly may be used to relay the information received by the Traffic Light State Notificator from the CPU to the corresponding Traffic Light Assembly. Said information may change, for example, the time intervals that the Traffic Light Assembly spends on Green and Red. As such, traffic flow may be altered.

In some embodiments, the CPU may ascertain, in substantially real time, the current traffic state (over a geographic area) from a plurality of Interrogators. In response to the current traffic state, the desired traffic state, and the state of a plurality of Traffic Light Assemblies, the CPU may execute an optimization algorithm (e.g., Kalman-based) to determine the optimum set of parameters for said plurality of Traffic Light Assemblies so as to optimally bring about the desired traffic state. Optimal and (nearly) real-time adaptive feedback control of the traffic state may thus be performed by the CPU.

8. The Stop Sign Notificator

In accordance with these embodiments, a Transponder is notified by a Notificator that it is approaching a stop sign (or that it has just passed by a stop sign). As such, the vehicle associated with the notified Transponder is expected to execute (or to have executed) a complete stop at the stop sign. Thus, in response to such a notification, the vehicle's velocity is examined over a time interval (±τ) about the notification. If a zero velocity reading is found, the vehicle has obeyed the letter of the Law and has stopped at the stop sign; if not, the vehicle is in violation. If the vehicle has not made a complete stop, other questions such as did the vehicle slow down, and if yes by how much, may be asked.

9. THE “HHTL” AND THE “HHTR” The Hand-Held Transponder Loader (HHTL) and the Hand-Held Transponder Retriever (HHTR) are devices that input and output, respectively, information to/from the Transponder according to some embodiments of the present invention. The exchange of information between a HHTL and a Transponder or a HHTR and a Transponder preferably takes place wirelessly. The HHTL may be, for example, used by an Inspection Station to update the contents of a particular Transponder following an inspection of the vehicle associated with said Transponder. The HHTL may also be used to load into a Transponder a plurality of images, each reflecting characteristics of an authorized driver, so that in the event of a violation, correlations between the driver's “image” and the a priori stored images may be performed locally (within the Transponder). These embodiments can reduce or minimize the amount of data that would need to be relayed to the CPU. The HHTL may also be used by the Motor Vehicles Department to periodically load data into Transponders.

In some embodiments, the HHTR may be a portable device that may be used to (wirelessly) extract the records of drivers from Transponders. Law enforcement officials and insurance company agents, for example, may be users of HHTRs. The HHTR may also be equipped with means to delete Transponder records in response to specific input instruction.

10. Other Embodiments

10.1 Ensembles of Shipping Containers/Transportable Vehicles

According to other embodiments of the invention, shipping containers, or any other ensemble of transportable vehicles, may be equipped with Transponders. Each Transponder may be configured to accept inputs from one or more sensors of a container/transportable vehicle unit, relating to, for example, the contents of the container/transportable vehicle unit, its environmental state, whether the unit has been opened (and when) since it left a particular origin, etc. . . ., and may keep a record of such sensory inputs. At a particular destination (a loading/unloading dock) an Interrogator may be used to survey the ensemble of such container/transportable vehicle units.

In order to conserve battery life (if the Transponder of a container/transportable vehicle unit is operating on battery power) the Transponder may be configured to have a sleep mode whereby it may, for example, sleep for 1 sec., and then wake-up to listen and take sensor readings for 10 msec. If during the listening interval the Transponder detects a “presence signal” of an Interrogator, the Transponder may remain awake in order to read the interrogation message content and respond with unique identifying information. The Transponder may also relay to the Interrogator the contents of its record (a measure of its sensory inputs). Following the Transponder's response to the interrogation, and following a confirmation of reception sent to the Transponder by the Interrogator, the Transponder may return to its sleep mode cycle (i.e., sleeping for 1 sec. and awaking-up for 10 msec. to listen and take sensor readings). Any subsequent detections of the Interrogator's presence signal by the Transponder may be ignored by a Transponder that has already responded and has received confirmation that its response has been received. The time interval for which the subsequent detections of the Interrogator's presence signal may be ignored (by a Transponder that has responded and has received confirmation) may be a priori determined and stored within the Transponder, may be chosen by the Transponder, or may be dictated by the Interrogator's interrogation message. The Interrogator's presence signal may be a direct-sequence-spread and/or frequency-hopping waveform (or even a simple CW) whose parameter values are a priori known to the Transponder. Thus, each time the Transponder wakes-up, acquisition of the Interrogator's presence signal is attempted. If the presence signal is acquired, the Transponder remains awake in order to receive and process an Interrogation.

To reduce or minimize the probability of Transponder response collisions (particularly in areas where there may be a large ensemble of container/transportable vehicle units equipped with Transponders) the Interrogator may selectively command (via the interrogation message) a subset of the ensemble of container/transportable vehicle unit Transponders to respond. Thus, sequentially, subset-by-subset, the entire ensemble of Transponders may be interrogated to respond.

An ensemble of container/transportable vehicle units that may be en-route (on a barge, railroad cart, airplane, or a truck) may also be subject to the same interrogation process described above. In this case, however, a special purpose Interrogator device may be used. The special purpose Interrogator device may be permanently installed on the barge, railroad cart, airplane, or truck. The special purpose Interrogator device may contain an Interrogator (as specified above) in conjunction with a Transponder. The Interrogator component of the special purpose Interrogator device may be configured to interrogate the ensemble of container/transportable vehicle units, as described earlier, and thus gather a summary of their state. This summary may then be relayed to the Transponder component of the special purpose Interrogator device. Thus, as the barge, railroad cart, airplane, or truck that is transporting the ensemble of container/transportable vehicle units passes by an Interrogator (of the type that has been described for usage on the side of roads and/or highways) information reflecting the state of the container/transportable vehicle units ensemble that is en-route may be relayed to a CVIS CPU. The ability to interrogate and ascertain the state of the container/transportable vehicle units ensemble, as it travels from a point of origin to a point of destination, may offer significant Home Land Security benefits.

10.2 Activation/De-Activation of CVIS

In some embodiments of the invention, every vehicle may be CVIS equipped (may have a built-in Transponder). However, in other embodiments, not every vehicle's Transponder may be activated. A vehicle's Transponder may be activated voluntarily by the owner of the vehicle or, in the event that it isn't, a vehicle's Transponder may be activated by a Government authority. For example, an automobile insurance company may offer an insurance premium discount with CVIS activation of a vehicle. Thus, some people may choose to have their vehicles CVIS activated. A vehicle that is not CVIS activated and is involved in a number of accidents/traffic violations, may be ordered by the authorities to become CVIS activated. CVIS may be activated in a vehicle in response to an interrogation message. In some embodiments, the Transponder of a vehicle that is not CVIS activated continues to receive interrogations, it simply does not respond. As such, the vehicle's Transponder may receive an interrogation specifying the vehicle's unique ID and ordering the vehicle to become CVIS active. Thus, from that time on, the Transponder of the vehicle will configure itself in a CVIS active mode and will begin responding to interrogations. This covert mode of CVIS activation may be used by the authorities where there is probable cause (as is the case with legal wire-tapping) to gather information on suspect behavior. A vehicle that has been CVIS activated by the above technique may become CVIS de-activated in response to an interrogation ordering the vehicle's Transponder back into a CVIS dormant mode.

10.3 Anti-Spoofing Embodiments Of CVIS

A jamming device may be used in the vicinity of a CVIS Transponder to prevent the Transponder from deciphering interrogations and/or notifications and thus prevent the Transponder from ever responding to interrogations. The jamming device may be configured to jam the entire band over which the Transponder is configured to receive information from Interrogators and/or Notificators. In order to defeat this threat, the following embodiment may be used:

Since a Transponder knows the frequency that its receiver is tuned to, the Transponder's transmitter may be tuned to the same frequency to transmit an a priori known (to the Transponder receiver) message. In this mode, the transmitter of the Transponder may use a radiating element that is sufficiently apart (spatially) from the Transponder's receiving antenna element (one antenna element may be situated near the front of the vehicle while the other may be positioned near the rear of the vehicle). If the a priori known message that is transmitted by the Transponder's transmitter is not received reliably by the Transponder's receiver (while all other Transponder diagnostics are showing no malfunction) a warning signal/message/alarm may instruct the vehicle's operator to disable the jamming device. If the effect of the jamming device persists for more than a predetermined time interval (following the warning signal/message/alarm) then the vehicle's engine may, for example, stop.

In other embodiments, given the relatively low-cost nature of the Transponder, large-scale redundancy may be provided. Each vehicle may contain a plurality of Transponders, all networked together wirelessly (or otherwise) so that if one fails, the next can provide the necessary functions. The plurality of Transponder chip-sets may be situated in different areas of a vehicle so as to make it difficult to identify and disable. Transponder chip-sets may also be integrated with other electronic functions of a vehicle such that the Transponder assumes an amorphous (or distributed) nature, thus making it difficult for someone to identify, isolate, and disable, without also causing harm to other vehicular electronics.

10.4 Integration of GPS Signal-Processing & Satellite/Terrestrial Transceiver Units with the CVIS Transponder

A vehicle may be equipped with GPS signal processing means and with a satellite/terrestrial transceiver capable of communicating directly with a CVIS CPU. Thus, a vehicle may attain a measure of its position from GPS signal processing. Furthermore, a vehicle may be interrogated via a terrestrial wireless system (cellular, PCS, or other) or via a satellite system. In response to such an interrogation, the vehicle may ascertain a measure of its position from processing of GPS signals and may relay directly to a CPU, via the satellite/terrestrial transceiver unit, information responsive to the interrogation.

10.5 Use of CVIS by Emergency Vehicles to Control Traffic Signals

Fire trucks, Police vehicles, ambulances, and other authorized vehicles may be equipped with Transponders capable of controlling the traffic signals at intersections along their path. A Transponder of an authorized vehicle may receive, from an Approaching Traffic Light Set Notificator, information regarding an approaching Traffic Light Set. The Transponder of the authorized vehicle may then use this information to command the Traffic Light Set in its path to turn green while all other Traffic Light Sets that may exist at the same intersection are commanded to turn red. This embodiment of CVIS may provide significant additional safety to motorists, passengers of vehicles, and pedestrians that may be in the vicinity of an emergency vehicle while the emergency vehicle is pursuing its objective at high speed. A hearing impaired person, for example, who may not hear the sirens of an approaching emergency vehicle, may respond to the altered state of traffic signals. Similarly, a vehicle packed with teenagers, with their stereo blasting away at maximum setting, may not hear the sirens of an approaching emergency vehicle but may respond to the altered state of traffic signals.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The following claim is provided to ensure that the present application meets all statutory requirements as a priority application in all jurisdictions and shall not be construed as setting forth the full scope of the present invention. 

1. A method of monitoring a vehicular state comprising bidirectionally exchanging data between a vehicle and at least one device external to the vehicle.
 2. A vehicular monitoring method comprising: transmitting from a vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and information relating to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control process, in response to receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 3. A method according to claim 2: wherein the interrogation signal includes information to the vehicle and/or a request for information from the vehicle relating to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control process; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a value of at least one vehicular parameter, a vehicular state, a state of vehicular content(s), a state of vehicular occupant(s), an identity of a content of the vehicle, and/or an identity of an occupant of the vehicle that is related to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control process, in response to receiving the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 4. A method according to claim 2: wherein transmitting is preceded by receiving a notification signal at the vehicle that includes information to the vehicle and/or a request for information from the vehicle relating to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control process; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of the value of at least one vehicular parameter, a vehicular state, a state of vehicular content(s), a state of vehicular occupant(s), an identity of a content of the vehicle, and/or an identity of an occupant of the vehicle that is related to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control process, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 5. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting is preceded by: receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 6. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting comprises: transmitting from a vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding, is subject to unauthorized use, has not passed inspection, is used by an impaired operator, has not engaged a seat-belt mechanism, has not stopped at a stop sign, has violated a traffic light command, is engaged in and/or may potentially become engaged in unlawful activity, is in distress and/or has executed a turn without using a turn signal indicator, in response to receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein transmitting is preceded by: receiving at the vehicle, the interrogation signal; and determining at the vehicle, whether the vehicle is speeding, is subject to unauthorized use, has passed inspection, is used by an impaired operator, has not engaged a seat-belt mechanism, has not stopped at a stop sign, has violated a traffic light command, is engaged in and/or may potentially become engaged in unlawful activity, is in distress and/or has executed a turn without using a turn signal indicator, based upon information provided by the interrogation signal and/or information provided by at least one sensor of the vehicle.
 8. A method according to claim 2: wherein transmitting is preceded by receiving at the vehicle, a notification signal; wherein transmitting also is preceded by receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding, is subject to unauthorized use, has not passed inspection, is used by an impaired operator, has not engaged a seat-belt mechanism, has not stopped at a stop sign, has violated a traffic light command, is engaged in and/or may potentially become engaged in unlawful activity, is in distress and/or has executed a turn without using a turn signal indicator, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 9. A method according to claim 2: wherein transmitting is preceded by receiving at the vehicle, a notification signal; wherein transmitting also is preceded by receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle; wherein transmitting also is preceded by determining at the vehicle, whether the vehicle is speeding, is subject to unauthorized use, has passed inspection, is used by an impaired operator, has not engaged a seat-belt mechanism, has not stopped at a stop sign, has violated a traffic light command, is engaged in and/or may potentially become engaged in unlawful activity, is in distress and/or has executed a turn without using a turn signal indicator, based upon information provided by the interrogation signal, notification signal and/or information provided by at least one sensor of the vehicle; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding, is subject to unauthorized use, has not passed inspection, is used by an impaired operator, has not engaged a seat-belt mechanism, has not stopped at a stop sign, has violated a traffic light command, is engaged in and/or may potentially become engaged in unlawful activity, is in distress and/or has executed a turn without using a turn signal indicator, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 10. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting comprises: selectively transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that a vehicular state is outside a limit that is related to a law and/or safety and/or an indication of a state of vehicular parameter(s) and/or vehicular content(s) that is related to a law and/or safety, if a vehicular state is outside a limit that is related to a law and/or safety and/or a state of vehicular parameter(s) and/or vehicular content(s) is outside a limit that is related to a law and/or safety, in response to receiving an interrogation signal and/or a notification signal at the vehicle.
 11. A method according to claim 2 wherein the information relating to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control comprises at least one of the following parameters: a speed of the vehicle; an indication of vehicular position and/or time-of-day; an acceleration of the vehicle; a speed of the vehicle over a predetermined time interval; an acceleration of the vehicle over a predetermined time interval; stop sign data; traffic light data; left- or right-turn data; vehicle distress status; vehicle theft status; sobriety status of an operator of the vehicle; data relating to vehicular content(s) and/or occupant(s); seat belt status; and/or vehicle inspection status.
 12. A method according to claim 5 wherein receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle comprises: receiving an interrogation signal that includes an indication of a speed limit and an indication of a position and/or a time-of-day at which the speed limit is in effect.
 13. A method according to claim 2, wherein transmitting is followed by: receiving confirmation that the data packet that was transmitted has been received.
 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the interrogation signal includes an interrogator identification and wherein receiving is followed by: refraining from transmitting from the vehicle, the data packet, in response to receiving subsequent interrogation signals that include the interrogator identification, at the vehicle, within a predefined time and/or distance traveled by the vehicle since receiving confirmation at the vehicle.
 15. A method according to claim 4 wherein receiving a notification signal at the vehicle is followed by: transmitting at least one message from the vehicle before the interrogation signal is received at the vehicle.
 16. A method according to claim 2 wherein the data packet further comprises at least one of the following: a theft state of the vehicle; a distress state of the vehicle; and/or a message from an occupant of the vehicle.
 17. A method according to claim 2 wherein the interrogation signal further comprises at least one of the following: road, traffic, safety and/or accident information; weather information; vehicular theft information; broadcast information; commercial information; and/or a personal message.
 18. A method according to claim 4 wherein the notification signal further comprises at least one of the following: road, traffic, safety and/or accident information; weather information; vehicular theft information; broadcast information; commercial information; and/or a personal message.
 19. A method according to claim 2: wherein transmitting is preceded by receiving a notification signal at the vehicle, that includes identifications of stolen vehicles; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is included in the identifications of stolen vehicles, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 20. A method according to claim 19 wherein receiving a notification signal at the vehicle that includes identifications of stolen vehicles is performed while the vehicle is stopped at a traffic light.
 21. A method according to claim 5 wherein the interrogation signal is received over a selected frequency and/or code in a set of frequencies and/or codes and wherein the data packet is transmitted over the selected frequency and/or code in the set of frequencies and/or codes.
 22. A method according to claim 15 wherein transmitting a message from the vehicle is performed at least twice over different frequencies and/or codes in a set of frequencies and/or codes before the interrogation signal is received at the vehicle.
 23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the interrogation signal is received over a selected frequency and/or code in a set of frequencies and/or codes and wherein the data packet is transmitted over the selected frequency and/or code in the set of frequencies and/or codes.
 24. A method according to claim 2: wherein transmitting is preceded by receiving a notification signal at the vehicle, that includes an indication of a state of a traffic light; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a state of a traffic light, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 25. A method according to claim 2: wherein transmitting is preceded by receiving a notification signal at the vehicle, that includes an indication that a stop sign is proximate to the vehicle; wherein transmitting also is preceded by receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle; wherein transmitting also is preceded by determining, at the vehicle, a minimum velocity attained by the vehicle and/or whether the vehicle has stopped over a predetermined time interval and/or distance traveled by the vehicle relative to a time of reception of the notification and/or interrogation signal at the vehicle; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle has not stopped and/or an indication of the minimum velocity attained by the vehicle, or that the vehicle has stopped, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 26. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting is preceded by: receiving a first notification signal at the vehicle, that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light set; receiving a second notification signal at the vehicle, that indicates a state of a traffic light assembly; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates whether a traffic light state has been violated by the vehicle, in response to receiving the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 27. A method according to claim 26: wherein the first notification signal further comprises an identification of a traffic light set and/or an identification of a frequency and/or code for the second notification signal; wherein the second notification signal comprises an identification of a traffic light assembly as pertaining to a left turn, a right turn or straight, and a state of the traffic light assembly; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates that the vehicle has violated a traffic light assembly state, in response to receiving the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 28. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting is preceded by: receiving a first notification signal at the vehicle, that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light set; receiving a second notification signal at the vehicle, that indicates a state of a traffic light assembly; and receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates a state of a traffic light assembly, in response to receiving the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 29. A method according to claim 2: wherein transmitting is preceded by activating a transmitter on the vehicle manually and/or remotely; and wherein transmitting is performed using the transmitter that is activated, in response to receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 30. A method according to claim 29 wherein activating is performed by an owner of the vehicle, an insurance agency associated with the vehicle and/or by a governmental agency.
 31. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting is preceded by: confirming that transmitting from the vehicle and/or receiving at the vehicle is not impaired by an equipment malfunction and/or interference.
 32. A vehicular monitoring method comprising: transmitting to a vehicle, a data packet including information to the vehicle and/or a request for information from the vehicle relating to a law, safety and/or traffic management and/or control.
 33. A method according to claim 32 further comprising: receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a value of at least one vehicular parameter, a vehicular state, a state of vehicular content(s), a state of vehicular occupant(s), an identity of a content of the vehicle, an identity of an occupant of the vehicle, an indication that the vehicle is engaged and/or may potentially become engaged in unlawful activity and/or an indication of compliance or non-compliance of the vehicle relating to a law, safety and/or traffic management and/or traffic control process.
 34. A method according to claim 33 wherein the following is performed prior to receiving: transmitting to the vehicle, an interrogation signal that instructs the vehicle to transmit the data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is non-compliant with a law and/or safety and/or to transmit a state of vehicular parameters and/or a state of vehicular content(s) that is at least partially non-compliant with a law and/or safety, if a vehicular state and/or a state of vehicular content(s) is at least partially non-compliant with a law and/or safety, or an interrogation signal that instructs the vehicle to transmit the data packet including at least an identification of the vehicle and at least one vehicular parameter that is related to a law, safety and/or a traffic management and/or control process independent of any vehicular law compliance and/or non-compliance state of the vehicle.
 35. A method according to claim 33 wherein receiving comprises: receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding.
 36. A method according to claim 35 wherein transmitting comprises: transmitting to the vehicle, a data packet that includes an indication of a speed limit.
 37. A method according to claim 36: wherein transmitting comprises transmitting to the vehicle, a data packet that includes an indication of a speed limit and an indication of a position and/or a time-of-day at which the speed limit is in effect.
 38. A method according to claim 32 wherein the information that is related to a law, safety and/or a request for information from the vehicle related to a law, safety and/or traffic management and/or control comprises at least one of the following: a speed limit; a message to an occupant of the vehicle position information; time-of-day information; traffic information; alternate route information; weather information; emergency information; unauthorized use of a vehicle information; a request of information related to a vehicular state; a request of information related to a state of a vehicular content; a signal that may be used by the vehicle to control its motion; stop sign data; and/or traffic light data.
 39. A method according to claim 33, wherein receiving is followed by: transmitting a confirmation to the vehicle that the data packet that was received from the vehicle has been received.
 40. A method according to claim 33 wherein the data packet that is received further comprises at least one of the following: a theft status of the vehicle; information relating to a state of the vehicle; information relating to a velocity and/or acceleration of the vehicle; information relating to a state of an occupant of the vehicle; information relating to an occupant and/or other contents of the vehicle; a distress status of the vehicle; and/or a message from an occupant of the vehicle.
 41. A method according to claim 32 wherein the data packet further comprises at least one of the following: road, traffic and/or accident information; emergency information; weather information; vehicular theft information; commercial information; and/or a personal message.
 42. A method according to claim 32 wherein transmitting comprises transmitting to the vehicle, a data packet including identifications of stolen vehicles.
 43. A method according to claim 42 wherein transmitting to the vehicle, a data packet that includes identifications of stolen vehicles, is performed while the vehicle is stopped at a traffic light.
 44. A method according to claim 34 wherein the interrogation signal is transmitted over a selected frequency and/or code in a set of frequencies and/or codes and wherein the data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a state of the vehicle and/or a state of a vehicular content is received over the selected frequency and/or code in the set of frequencies and/or codes.
 45. A method according to claim 32: wherein transmitting comprises transmitting to the vehicle, a data packet that includes an indication of a state of a traffic light assembly; and wherein transmitting is followed by receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a state of a traffic light assembly.
 46. A method according to claim 32: wherein transmitting comprises transmitting a notification signal to the vehicle, that includes the data packet that includes an indication that a stop sign is proximate to the vehicle, and wherein transmitting is followed by: transmitting an interrogation signal to the vehicle; and receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle has not stopped over an interval of time and/or distance and/or an indication of a velocity state of the vehicle over the interval of time and/or the distance.
 47. A method according to claim 32: wherein the data packet indicates a state of a traffic light assembly and wherein transmitting is preceded by transmitting a first notification signal to the vehicle, that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light set; and wherein transmitting is followed by: transmitting an interrogation signal to the vehicle; and receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates whether the vehicle has violated a traffic light command.
 48. A method according to claim 47: wherein the first notification signal further comprises an identification of a traffic light configuration and/or an identification of a transmitting frequency and/or code of a data packet to the vehicle; and wherein the data packet to the vehicle comprises an identification of a traffic light assembly as pertaining to a left turn, a right turn or straight, and a state of a traffic light assembly.
 49. A method according to claim 32: wherein transmitting is preceded by transmitting a first notification signal to the vehicle, that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light configuration; and wherein transmitting is followed by: transmitting an interrogation signal to the vehicle; and receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates a state of a traffic light assembly.
 50. A vehicular monitoring system comprising: a vehicle transponder, that is configured to mount in a vehicle and is further configured to transmit a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of at least one parameter of the vehicle, a vehicular state, a state of vehicular content(s), a state of vehicular occupant(s), an identity of a vehicular content and/or an identity of a vehicular occupant that is related to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control, in response to receiving an interrogation signal.
 51. A system according to claim 50: wherein the interrogation signal includes an indication of at least one parameter and/or a request for information relating to a vehicular parameter, a vehicular state, a state of vehicular content(s), a state of vehicular occupant(s), an identity of the vehicle, an identity of a content of the vehicle and/or an identity of an occupant of the vehicle relating to a law, safety, traffic management and/or traffic control; and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is compliant or non-compliant with the parameter that is related to the law and/or provides other information that is related to a law, safety and/or traffic management and/or control, in response to receiving the interrogation signal.
 52. A system according to claim 50: wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive a notification signal that includes an indication of information and/or a request for information that is related to a law, safety and/or a traffic management and/or control process; and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is compliant or non-compliant with the indication of information and/or information that is related to the request for information, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal.
 53. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive an interrogation signal.
 54. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding, in response to receiving an interrogation signal that includes an indication of a speed limit.
 55. A system according to claim 54 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to: receive the interrogation signal that includes an indication of a speed limit; and calculate whether the vehicle is speeding based upon the indication of a speed limit and an indication of a speed of the vehicle.
 56. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to: receive a notification signal that includes an indication of a speed limit; and receive an interrogation signal; wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal.
 57. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to: receive a notification signal that includes an indication of a speed limit and an indication of a position and/or a time-of-day at which the speed limit is in effect; receive an interrogation signal; and calculate whether the vehicle is speeding, based on the indication of a speed limit and an indication of a speed of the vehicle; and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal.
 58. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by selectively transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is in non-compliance with a parameter and/or a state that is related to a law and/or safety, if the vehicle is in non-compliance with the parameter and/or the state that is related to the law and/or safety, in response to receiving an interrogation signal.
 59. A system according to claim 56 wherein the at least one parameter of the vehicle that is related to a law comprises at least one of the following parameters: a speed of the vehicle; stop sign data; turn signal indicator status; a state of vehicular content(s); traffic light data; seat belt status; and/or vehicle inspection status.
 60. A system according to claim 53 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive an interrogation signal by receiving an interrogation signal that includes an indication of a speed limit and an indication of a position and/or a time-of-day at which the speed limit is in effect.
 61. A system according to claim 50, wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive confirmation that the data packet that was transmitted has been received.
 62. A system according to claim 61 wherein the interrogation signal includes an interrogator identification and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to refrain from transmitting the data packet in response to receiving subsequent interrogation signals that include the interrogator identification, within a predefined time interval and/or distance traveled by the vehicle relative to the time of receiving the confirmation by the vehicle transponder.
 63. A system according to claim 52 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit a message from the vehicle until the interrogation signal is received.
 64. A system according to claim 50 wherein the data packet further comprises at least one of the following: a theft status of the vehicle; a velocity and/or an acceleration of the vehicle; a sobriety state of the operator of the vehicle; a state of the vehicle and/or a state of the occupant(s) of the vehicle; information related to the occupant(s) and/or content(s) of the vehicle; a request for information; a distress status of the vehicle and/or an occupant of the vehicle; and/or a message from an occupant of the vehicle.
 65. A system according to claim 50 wherein the interrogation signal further comprises at least one of the following: road, traffic and/or accident information; weather information; safety information; vehicular theft information; a request for information related to a vehicular parameter and/or state; a request for information related to the content(s) of a vehicle; a request for information related to the occupant(s) of the vehicle; a request for information related to a sobriety state of the operator of a vehicle; commercial information; and/or personal messages.
 66. A system according to claim 52 wherein the notification signal further comprises at least one of the following: road, weather, traffic, alternate route, safety, emergency, accident information, a signal for determining and/or adjusting a trajectory and/or position of the vehicle; and/or vehicular theft information.
 67. A system according to claim 50: wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive a notification signal at the vehicle that includes identifications of stolen vehicles; and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is included in the identifications of stolen vehicles, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal.
 68. A system according to claim 67 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive a notification signal that includes identifications of stolen vehicles while the vehicle is stopped at a traffic light.
 69. A system according to claim 53 wherein the vehicle transponder is configured to receive the interrogation signal over a selected frequency and/or code in a set of frequencies and/or codes and wherein the vehicle transponder is configured to transmit the data packet over the selected frequency and/or code in the set of frequencies and/or codes.
 70. A system according to claim 63 wherein the vehicle transponder is configured to transmit the message at least twice over different frequencies and/or codes in a set of frequencies and/or codes until and/or after the interrogation signal is received at the vehicle.
 71. A system according to claim 70 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive the interrogation signal over a selected one of the different frequencies and/or codes in a set of frequencies and/or codes and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit the data packet over the selected frequency and/or code in the set of frequencies and/or codes.
 72. A system according to claim 50: wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive a notification signal at the vehicle that includes an indication of a state of a traffic light assembly; and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a state of a traffic light assembly, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal.
 73. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to: receive a notification signal that includes an indication that a stop sign is proximate to the vehicle; receive an interrogation signal; and determine a velocity measure of the vehicle over a predetermined time interval and/or whether the vehicle has stopped over the predetermined time interval and/or a predetermined distance traveled by the vehicle; and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and the velocity measure of the vehicle over the predetermined time interval and/or an indication that the vehicle has stopped or not stopped over the predetermined time interval and/or predetermined distance traveled by the vehicle, in response to receiving the notification signal and the interrogation signal.
 74. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to: receive a first notification signal that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light configuration; receive a second notification signal that indicates a state of a traffic light assembly; determine whether a traffic light command violation occurred based on the state of a traffic light assembly in the second notification signal; and receive an interrogation signal; and wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates whether a traffic light command has been violated, in response to receiving the interrogation signal.
 75. A system according to claim 74: wherein the first notification signal further comprises an identification of a traffic light set and an identification of the second notification signal; wherein the second notification signal comprises an identification of a traffic light assembly as pertaining to a left turn, a right turn or straight, and a state of a traffic light assembly; wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to determine if a traffic light command violation occurred; and wherein the vehicle transponder is configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates that a traffic light command violation occurred, in response to receiving the interrogation signal.
 76. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to: receive a first notification signal that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light configuration; receive a second notification signal that indicates a state of a traffic light assembly; and receive an interrogation signal; and wherein the vehicle transponder is configured to transmit by transmitting a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates a state of a traffic light, in response to receiving the interrogation signal.
 77. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to allow activation and/or de-activation thereof manually and/or remotely by an owner of the vehicle, an officer of the law, an insurance company and/or by a governmental agency.
 78. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to confirm that transmitting and/or receiving is operative and/or is not being interfered with before transmitting.
 79. A vehicular monitoring system comprising: an interrogator that is configured to be mounted proximate to a roadway, in a law enforcement vehicle, proximate to and/or in a harbor or airport, proximate to and/or On a building, bridge, monument and/or other infrastructure and/or in a vehicle that transports an ensemble of units; the interrogator being further configured to transmit an interrogation signal that includes an indication of at least one parameter that is related to a law and/or safety, a request for information in accordance with and/or related to compliance or non-compliance with a law and/or safety, a request of information related to the content(s) of a vehicle and/or a unit, a request of information in accordance with and/or related to a traffic management and/or control process and/or to transmit information to a vehicle; and wherein the interrogator is further configured to receive, a data packet including an identification of a vehicle and/or unit and an indication that the vehicle and/or unit is in compliance or in non-compliance with a law and/or safety, a vehicular and/or unit state that is related to compliance or non-compliance with a law and/or safety, a state of vehicular and/or unit content(s) that is related to compliance or non-compliance with a law and/or safety and/or information relating to traffic management and/or control.
 80. A system according to claim 79 wherein the interrogator is further configured to receive by receiving from a vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is speeding.
 81. A system according to claim 80 wherein the interrogator is further configured to transmit by transmitting the interrogation signal that includes an indication of a speed limit.
 82. A system according to claim 79 wherein the interrogation signal includes an indication of a speed limit and an indication of a position and/or a time-of-day at which the speed limit is in effect.
 83. A system according to claim 79, wherein the interrogator is further configured to receive a signal indicating that the data packet that was transmitted has been received by a vehicle and/or unit.
 84. A system according to claim 79 wherein the interrogation signal further comprises at least one of the following: road, traffic, emergency, safety, alternate route and/or accident information; weather information; vehicular theft information; commercial information; personal messages; and/or a request of information from a vehicle and/or unit.
 85. A system according to claim 79: wherein the interrogation signal includes identifications of stolen vehicles; and wherein the interrogator is further configured to receive by receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication that the vehicle is included in the identifications of stolen vehicles.
 86. A system according to claim 85 wherein the interrogator is configured to transmit the interrogation signal that includes identifications of stolen vehicles while the vehicle is stopped at a traffic light.
 87. A system according to claim 79 wherein the interrogation signal is transmitted over a selected frequency and/or code in a set of frequencies and/or codes and wherein the data packet is received over the selected frequency and/or code in the set of frequencies and/or codes.
 88. A system according to claim 79: wherein the interrogator is further configured to receive by receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a state of a traffic light.
 89. A method according to claim 79: wherein the interrogator is further configured to receive by receiving from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and an indication of a vehicular velocity proximate to a stop sign and/or that the vehicle has not stopped proximate to the stop sign.
 90. A vehicular monitoring system comprising: a notificator that is configured to be mounted proximate to a roadway, on a building and/or other infrastructure, proximate to and/or at a traffic light and/or on a unit that may be transported by a vehicle, the notificator being further configured to transmit a notification signal that includes an indication of at least one parameter that is related to a law, safety and/or traffic management and/or control.
 91. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notification signal includes an indication of a speed limit and/or an indication of a state and/or the content(s) of the unit.
 92. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notification signal includes an indication of a speed limit and an indication of a position and/or a time-of-day at which the speed limit is in effect.
 93. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notification signal further comprises at least one of the following: road, traffic, safety, emergency and/or accident information; and vehicular theft information.
 94. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notification signal includes identifications of stolen vehicles.
 95. A system according to claim 94 wherein the notification signal that includes identifications of stolen vehicles is transmitted by a notificator that is mounted proximate to or at a traffic light.
 96. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notification signal includes an indication of a state of a traffic light assembly.
 97. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notification signal includes an indication that a stop sign is proximate.
 98. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notificator is further configured to transmit by: transmitting a first notification signal that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light configuration; and/or transmitting a second notification signal that indicates a state of a traffic light.
 99. A system according to claim 98: wherein the first notification signal further comprises an identification of a traffic light set and an identification of a frequency and/or code for a second notification signal; and wherein the second notification signal comprises an identification of a traffic light as pertaining to a left turn, a right turn or straight, and a state of a traffic light.
 100. A method of monitoring a vehicular state relating to a law, safety and/or traffic concern comprising bidirectionally exchanging data between a vehicle and at least one device external to the vehicle.
 101. A method according to claim 100 wherein the at least one device external to the vehicle is proximate to the vehicle and of the order of 100 meters or less from the vehicle.
 102. A method according to claim 100 wherein the at least one device external to the vehicle is distant to the vehicle and of the order of 1000 meters or more from the vehicle.
 103. A method according to claim 102 wherein the at least one device external to the vehicle comprises a satellite and/or a base station.
 104. A method of monitoring a vehicular state comprising transmitting data from a vehicle to at least one first device external to the vehicle in response to data received at the vehicle from at least one second device external to the vehicle.
 105. A method according to claim 104 wherein the at least one first device external to the vehicle is proximate to the vehicle and of the order of 100 meters or less from the vehicle and wherein the at least one second device external to the vehicle is distant to the vehicle and of the order of 1000 meters or more from the vehicle.
 106. A method according to claim 105 wherein the at least one second device external to the vehicle comprises a satellite and/or a terrestrial base station.
 107. A method according to claim 104 wherein the at least one first device external to the vehicle is distant to the vehicle and wherein the at least one second device external to the vehicle is proximate to the vehicle.
 108. A method according to claim 107 wherein the at least one proximate device is of the order of 100 meters or less from the vehicle and wherein the at least one distant device is of the order of 1000 meters or more from the vehicle.
 109. A method according to claim 108 wherein the at least one distant device comprises a satellite and/or a base station.
 110. A system for monitoring a vehicular state relating to a law, safety and/or traffic concern comprising a transponder that is configured to mount in a vehicle and is further configured to bidirectionally exchange data between the vehicle and at least one device external to the vehicle.
 111. A system according to claim 110 wherein the at least one device external to the vehicle is proximate to the vehicle and of the order of 100 meters or less from the vehicle.
 112. A system according to claim 110 wherein the at least one device external to the vehicle is distant to the vehicle and of the order of 1000 meters or more from the vehicle.
 113. A system according to claim 112 wherein the at least one device external to the vehicle comprises a satellite and/or a base station.
 114. A system for monitoring a vehicular state comprising a transponder that is configured to mount in a vehicle and is further configured to transmit data from the vehicle to at least one first device external to the vehicle in response to data received at the vehicle from at least one second device external to the vehicle.
 115. A system according to claim 114 wherein the at least one first device external to the vehicle is proximate to the vehicle and of the order of 100 meters or less from the vehicle and wherein the at least one second device external to the vehicle is distant to the vehicle and of the order of 1000 meters or more from the vehicle.
 116. A system according to claim 115 wherein the at least one second device external to the vehicle comprises a satellite and/or a terrestrial base station.
 117. A system according to claim 114 wherein the at least one first device external to the vehicle is distant to the vehicle and wherein the at least one second device external to the vehicle is proximate to the vehicle.
 118. A system according to claim 117 wherein the at least one proximate device external to the vehicle is of the order of 100 meters or less from the vehicle and wherein the at least one distant device external to the vehicle is of the order of 1000 meters or more from the vehicle.
 119. A system according to claim 118 wherein the at least one distant device external to the vehicle comprises a satellite and/or a base station.
 120. A method of monitoring a vehicular state comprising transmitting data from a vehicle to at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle in response to data received at the vehicle from at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle; wherein the at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle receives data from at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle; and wherein the at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle transmits data to at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle.
 121. A method according to claim 120 wherein the at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle and/or the at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle comprises a satellite and/or a base station.
 122. A method according to claim 120 wherein the at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle and/or the at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle communicate(s) with at least one third device external to the vehicle.
 123. A method according to claim 122 wherein the at least one third device external to the vehicle comprises at least one computing and/or processing unit.
 124. A system for monitoring a vehicular state comprising: at least one first transmitting device external to a vehicle; at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle; at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle; at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle; a transponder that is configured to mount in the vehicle and is further configured to transmit data from the vehicle to the at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle in response to data received at the vehicle from the at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle; wherein the at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle is configured to receive data from the at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle; and wherein the at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle is configured to transmit data to the at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle.
 125. A system according to claim 124 wherein the at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle and/or the at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle comprise(s) a satellite and/or a base station.
 126. A system according to claim 124 further comprising at least one third device external to the vehicle, wherein the at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle and/or the at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle communicate(s) with the at least one third device external to the vehicle.
 127. A system according to claim 126 wherein the at least one third device external to the vehicle comprises at least one computing and/or processing unit.
 128. A method of traffic control comprising using a state and/or an identity of a vehicle to alter a state and/or a time interval associated with a traffic light.
 129. A system for controlling traffic comprising a controller that is configured to use a state and/or an identity of a vehicle to alter a state and/or a time interval associated with a traffic light.
 130. A method of storing and/or retrieving data relating to a law, safety, a state of a vehicle and/or an occupant of the vehicle in/from the vehicle comprising exchanging data between a device external to the vehicle and the vehicle.
 131. A system for storing and/or retrieving data relating to a law, safety, a state of a vehicle and/or an occupant of the vehicle in/from the vehicle comprising exchanging data between a device external to the vehicle and the vehicle.
 132. A method of monitoring a vehicular state comprising bidirectionally exchanging data between a vehicle and at least one device external to the vehicle responsive to the vehicle and/or a content thereof having violated an aspect of a law and/or safety.
 133. A method of monitoring a vehicular state comprising bidirectionally exchanging data between a vehicle and at least one device external to the vehicle responsive to a traffic control command.
 134. A system for monitoring a vehicular state comprising a transponder that is configured to mount in a vehicle and is further configured to bidirectionally exchange data between a vehicle and at least one device external to the vehicle responsive to the vehicle and/or a content thereof having violated an aspect of a law and/or safety.
 135. A system for monitoring a vehicular state comprising a transponder that is configured to mount in a vehicle and is further configured to bidirectionally exchange data between a vehicle and at least one device external to the vehicle responsive to a traffic control command.
 136. A method of monitoring a vehicular state and/or a state of a vehicular content comprising relaying data from a first device external to a vehicle to a second device external to the vehicle using a wireless protocol.
 137. A system for monitoring a vehicular state and/or a state of a vehicular content comprising relaying data from a first device external to a vehicle to a second device external to the vehicle using a wireless protocol.
 138. A method according to claim 13, wherein receiving confirmation is followed by storing at the vehicle at least one parameter of the data packet that was transmitted, a vehicular state and/or a state of a content of the vehicle.
 139. A method according to claim 4 further comprising: transmitting at least one message from the vehicle before and after the interrogation signal is received at the vehicle.
 140. A method according to claim 21 wherein the interrogation signal frequency and/or code is specified by a signal transmitted by the vehicle.
 141. A method according to claim 137 wherein the at least one message from the vehicle is transmitted at least twice over different frequencies and/or codes in a set of frequencies and/or codes before the interrogation signal is received at the vehicle and at least twice over different frequencies and/or codes in a set of frequencies and/or codes after the interrogation signal is received at the vehicle.
 142. A method according to claim 23 wherein the interrogation signal frequency and/or code is specified by a signal transmitted by the vehicle.
 143. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting is preceded by: receiving a first notification signal at the vehicle, that indicates that the vehicle is approaching a traffic light set; receiving a second notification signal at the vehicle, that indicates a state of a traffic light assembly; determining at the vehicle whether a traffic light violation occurred based on the state of the traffic light assembly and at least one other state of the vehicle; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates whether a traffic light state has been violated, in response to receiving the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 144. A method according to claim 143: wherein the first notification signal further comprises an identification of a traffic light set and an identification of a receiving frequency and/or code for the second notification signal; wherein the second notification signal comprises an identification of a traffic light assembly as pertaining to a left turn, a right turn or straight, and a state of the traffic light assembly; determining at the vehicle whether a traffic light violation occurred based on the state of the traffic light assembly and at least one other state of the vehicle; and wherein transmitting comprises transmitting from the vehicle, a data packet including an identification of the vehicle and at least one other parameter that indicates that a traffic light assembly state violation occurred, in response to receiving the interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 145. A method according to claim 29: wherein the transmitter that is activated is operatively connected to a GPS-based position determination system at the vehicle; and wherein transmitting includes a GPS-based position indication of the vehicle, in response to receiving an interrogation signal at the vehicle.
 146. A method of monitoring a state of a system relating to a law, safety and/or traffic concern comprising exchanging data between a first device on the system and at least a second device on the system and exchanging data between the first device on the system and at least one device external to the system.
 147. A first system for monitoring a state of a second system relating to a law, safety and/or traffic concern comprising exchanging data between a first device configured on the second system and at least one second device configured on the second system and exchanging data between the first device configured on the second system and at least one device external to the second system and operatively configured to provide information to the first system.
 148. A method according to claim 39, wherein receiving the confirmation is followed by: storing at the vehicle at least one measure of the data packet that was transmitted from the vehicle and has been received, a state of the vehicle and/or a state of a vehicular content.
 149. A method of monitoring a state of an ensemble of units relating to a law, safety and/or traffic concern comprising exchanging data between a first device and at least one second device configured on at least one unit of the ensemble of units and exchanging data between the first device and at least one third device.
 150. A system for monitoring a state of an ensemble of units relating to a law, safety and/or traffic concern comprising exchanging data between a first device of the system and at least one second device configured on at least one unit of the ensemble of units and exchanging data between the first device of the system and at least one third device of the system.
 151. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive a GPS-based position measure of the vehicle and/or a signal for determining and/or controlling a position and/or a trajectory of the vehicle.
 152. A system according to claim 61, wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to store at the vehicle at least one measure of the data packet that was transmitted from the vehicle and has been received, a state of the vehicle and/or a state of a vehicular content, in response to receiving the confirmation that the data packet that was transmitted has been received.
 153. A system according to claim 52 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit a message from the vehicle until and after the interrogation signal is received.
 154. A system according to claim 52 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit a message from the vehicle at least twice until the interrogation signal is received.
 155. A system according to claim 52 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit a message from the vehicle at least twice until, and at least twice after, the interrogation signal is received.
 156. A system according to claim 52 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to transmit a message periodically from the vehicle until and/or after the interrogation signal is received.
 157. A system according to claim 79 wherein the interrogator that is configured on a vehicle that transports an ensemble of units is further configured to exchange data with at least one first transponder on the vehicle and with at least one second transponder on the vehicle; and wherein the at least one first transponder on the vehicle is not associated with any of the units of the ensemble of units that is being transported by the vehicle.
 158. A system according to claim 157 wherein the at least one first transponder on the vehicle that is not associated with any of the units of the ensemble of units that is being transported by the vehicle is further configured to exchange data with an interrogator external to the vehicle that is transporting the ensemble of units.
 159. A system according to claim 124 wherein the at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle and the at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle are the same device and/or integrated into one unit.
 160. A system according to claim 124 wherein the at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle and the at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle are co-located and/or proximate.
 161. A system according to claim 124 wherein the at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle and the at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle are integrated, co-located, part of the same base station and/or part of the same satellite.
 162. A system according to claim 124 further comprising at least one fourth device external to the vehicle, wherein the at least one third device external to the vehicle communicates with the at least one fourth device external to the vehicle.
 163. A system according to claim 162 wherein the at least one fourth device external to the vehicle comprises at least one computing and/or processing unit.
 164. A method according to claim 122 wherein the at least one third device external to the vehicle communicates with at least one fourth device external to the vehicle.
 165. A method according to claim 164 wherein the at least one fourth device external to the vehicle comprises at least one computing and/or processing unit.
 166. A method according to claim 120 wherein the at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle and the at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle are the same device and/or integrated into one unit.
 167. A method according to claim 120 wherein the at least one first transmitting device external to the vehicle and the at least one first receiving device external to the vehicle are co-located and/or proximate.
 168. A method according to claim 120 wherein the at least one second transmitting device external to the vehicle and the at least one second receiving device external to the vehicle are integrated, co-located, part of the same base station and/or part of the same satellite.
 169. A method according to claim 2 wherein transmitting is preceded by: receiving an interrogation signal and a notification signal at the vehicle.
 170. A method according to claim 169 wherein the interrogation signal and the notification signal are received at the vehicle within a predetermined distance traveled by the vehicle.
 171. A system according to claim 50 wherein the vehicle transponder is further configured to receive an interrogation signal and a notification signal.
 172. A system according to claim 171 wherein the interrogation signal and the notification signal are received by the vehicle transponder within a predetermined distance traveled by the vehicle.
 173. A system according to claim 73 wherein the predetermined time interval and/or the predetermined distance traveled by the vehicle is a time interval and/or distance traveled by the vehicle relative to a time that the notification signal and/or the interrogation signal is received by the vehicle transponder at the vehicle.
 174. A system according to claim 77 wherein remote activation and/or de-activation is performed in response to a signal that is received by the vehicle transponder at the vehicle.
 175. A method according to claim 29 wherein activating is performed in response to a signal that is received at the vehicle.
 176. A system according to claim 96 wherein the notificator communicates with a traffic light assembly.
 177. A system according to claim 96 wherein the notificator communicates with at least one other notificator.
 178. A system according to claim 177 wherein the notificator and the at least one other notificator are integrated into one unit or proximate to each other.
 179. A system according to claim 178 wherein the notificator and the at least one other notificator are 10 meters or less from each other.
 180. A system according to claim 90 wherein the notificator communicates with a base station, a satellite and/or a central processing unit.
 181. A system according to claim 180 wherein the notificator communicates with a base station, a satellite and/or a central processing unit using a packet data protocol. 